Por/para

Both por and para can be translated as ‘for’ but with different meanings:
(a) Por is used to convey the idea of:
Exchange (for)
Paguei R$1 pelo café.
I paid R$1 for the coffee.
Substitution (for)
Vou trocar estes sapatos pretos por uns castanhos.
I am going to change these black shoes for some brown ones.
Duration (for)
Quanto tempo vc vai ficar na Itália?
(For) How long are you going to stay in Italy?
Por can also be translated as ‘through’ or ‘by’:
Route (through)
Vim para casa pelo parque porque estava um dia bonito.
I came home through the park because it was a beautiful day.

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